Against the actual problems that the wet cooling tower is easy to hang ice at the bottom of the packing and the upper edge of the inlet in winter

a three-dimensional numerical model of the cooling tower based on the constant heat load is established. The anti-freezing characteristics of the cooling tower in severe cold weather without anti-freezing device are explored

and the variation characteristics and influencing factors of key parameters such as the water temperature distribution of packing bottom and the air mass flow at tower top outlet are analyzed. The results show that

the lower the ambient temperature

the greater the influence of the unit load on the average water temperature and the lowest water temperature at the bottom of the packing. The main factors affecting the change of the difference between the average water temperature and the lowest water temperature at the packing bottom include unit load

wind velocities and water distribution mode. Among them

the influence of water distribution mode is greater

followed by unit load

and the influence of wind velocities is less. The air mass flow at tower top outlet is positively correlated with the unit load and negatively correlated with the ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature is the same

the air mass flow at tower top outlet of the outer ring with underwater is less than that of the full tower. The water temperature inside the lower part of the windward side and the outside of the leeward side is the lowest

and the freezing risk is the greatest. When the wet cooling tower is running in winter

the anti-freezing device should be arranged on the windward side and the leeward side.